The Collaborative Dictionary

Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr. L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]

Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing; belonging to native character; according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate; not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as, the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color. [1913 Webster] With strong natural sense, and rare force of will. --Macaulay. [1913 Webster]

Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature; consonant to the methods of nature; according to the stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural response to insult. [1913 Webster] What can be more natural than the circumstances in the behavior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day? --Addison. [1913 Webster]

Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with, or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural science; history, theology. [1913 Webster] I call that natural religion which men might know .

Zoology \Zo*ol"o*gy\, n.; pl. Zoologies. [Zoo- + -logy: cf. F. zoologie. See Zodiac.] [1913 Webster]

That part of biology which relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. [1913 Webster]

A treatise on this science. [1913 Webster]

Word Net

zoology n : the branch of biology that studies animals [syn: zoological science]

Moby Thesaurus

aerobiology, agrobiology, anatomy, astrobiology, bacteriology, biochemics, biochemistry, biochemy, bioecology, biological science, biology, biometrics, biometry, bionics, bionomics, biophysics, botany, cell physiology, cryobiology, cybernetics, cytology, ecology, electrobiology, embryology, enzymology, ethnobiology, exobiology, genetics, gnotobiotics, life science, microbiology, molecular biology, pharmacology, physiology, radiobiology, taxonomy, virology, xenobiology

English

Etymology

From ζῴον + λόγος

Pronunciation

• /zəʊˈɒlədʒi/
• /z@U"Ql@dZi/
• \Zo*["o]l"o*gy\

Noun

1. that part of biology which relates to the animal kingdom,including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct.
2. a treatise on this science.

Translations

• Bulgarian: зоология (zoológija) (1)
• Catalan: zoologia (ca)
• Croatian: zoologija
• Czech: zoologie
• Dutch: zoölogie (1)
• Esperanto: zoologio
• Estonian: zooloogia
• Finnish: eläintiede, (zoologia)
• French: zoologie (1)
• German: Zoologie ^
• Greek: ζωολογία (zoologia)
• Interlingua: Zoologia
• Italian: zoologia
• Japanese: 動物学 (どうぶつがく, dōbutsugaku)
• Lithuanian: zoologija
• Novial: soologia
• Persian: (jânevar-šenâsi)
• Polish: zoologia
• Russian: зоология
• Scottish Gaelic: ainmh-eòlas
• Slovak: zoológia
• Swedish: zoologi

Zoology (from Greek ζῴον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, "logos", "knowledge") is the biological discipline which involves the study of animals.

Name

The pronunciation of "zoology" is /zoʊˈɑləʤɪ/; however, an alternative pronunciation is /zuˈɑləʤɪ/. Traditionally (and more properly), the word was pronounced with the first syllable rhyming with "toe", followed by "-ology". Recently, it has become more common to pronounce the first syllable as "zoo". The word zoology originates from the Greek zoion, meaning animal, and logos, meaning study.

Subfields of zoology

The study of animal life is, of course, ancient: but as 'zoology' it is relatively modern, for what we call biology was known as 'natural history' at the start of the nineteenth century. During the lifetime of Charles Darwin, natural history turned from a gentlemanly pursuit to a modern scientific activity. Zoology as we know it was first established in German and British universities. The institution of zoology training in British universities was mainly established by Thomas Henry Huxley. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals: he was himself the greatest comparative anatomist of the second half of the nineteenth century. His courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes; and his system became widely spread.

There was much left out by Huxley, especially the study of animals in their environment, which had been the main stimulus for both Darwin and Alfred Wallace (who both came up with the idea of natural selection). The fact that neither Darwin nor Wallace ever held a university teaching post may have contributed to this rather startling omission. Gradually Huxley's comparative anatomy was supplemented by other much-needed methods. The field of zoology in the twentieth century mainly comprised these approaches:

1. Comparative anatomy studies the structure of animals.
2. The physiology of animals is studied under various fields including anatomy and embryology
3. The common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants is studied in molecular biology, molecular genetics and developmental biology
4. Ethology is the study of animal behavior.
5. The ecology of animals is covered under behavioral ecology and other fields
6. Evolutionary biology of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, reproduction.
7. Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.
8. The various taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as mammalogy, herpetology, ornithology identify and classify species, and study the structures and mechanisms specific to those groups. Entomology is the study of insects, by far the largest group of animals.
9. Palaeontology, including all that may be learnt of ancient environments.

Systems of classification

Morphography includes the systematic exploration and tabulation of the facts involved in the recognition of all the recent and extinct kinds of animals and their distribution in space and time. (1) The museum-makers of old days and their modern representatives the curators and describers of zoological collections, (2) early explorers and modern naturalist travelers and writers on zoo-geography, and (3) collectors of fossils and palaeontologists are the chief varieties of zoological workers coming under this heading. Gradually, since the time of Hunter and Cuvier, anatomical study has associated itself with the more superficial morphography until today no one considers a study of animal form of any value which does not include internal structure, histology and embryology in its scope.

The real dawn of zoology after the legendary period of the Middle Ages is connected with the name of an Englishman, Edward Edward Wotton, born at Oxford in 1492, who practised as a physician in London and died in 1555. He published a treatise De differentiis animalium at Paris in 1552. In many respects Wotton was simply an exponent of Aristotle, whose teaching, - with various fanciful additions, constituted the real basis of zoological knowledge throughout the Middle Ages. It was Wotton's merit that he rejected the legendary and fantastic accretions, and returned to Aristotle and the observation of nature.

The most ready means of noting the progress of zoology during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries is to compare Aristotle's classificatory conceptions of successive.

Notable zoologists

In alphabetical order by surname:

• Louis Agassiz (malacology, ichthyology)
• Aristotle
• David Attenborough
• Henry Walter Bates (Batesian mimicry, Amazon)
• Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre
• William H. Cade (Evolution of insect mating behavior)
• Rachel Carson (marine biologist)
• Archie Carr (Herpetology, esp. sea turtles)
• Archie Carr III, (wild mammals)
• Eugenie Clark (Ichthyology)
• Jeff Corwin (herpetology)
• Emmet Kinsella (Sexuality of Dolphins)
• Georges Cuvier (founder of comparative morphology)
• Charles Darwin (theory of evolution, natural selection)
• Richard Dawkins (ethology, evolutionary biology)
• James R. Dixon (Herpetology)
• George A. Feldhamer (mammalogy)
• William Flower (mammals)
• Edmund Brisco Ford (ecological genetics)
• Dian Fossey (primatology)
• Birutė Galdikas (primatology)
• Jane Goodall (primatology)
• Harry W. Greene (Herpetology)
• Arthur Davis Hasler (limnology, ichthyology, salmon homing)
• Victor Hensen (planktology)
• Bernard Heuvelmans (cryptozoology)
• Julian Huxley (evolutionary synthesis, humanism, World Wildlife Fund, UNESCO)
• Thomas Henry Huxley (evolution, agnosticism, science education)
• Libbie Hyman (invertebrate zoology)
• Steve Irwin (herpetology)
• William Kirby (father of entomology)
• Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke (ornithology, herpetology)
• E. Ray Lankester (zoology and comparative anatomy)
• Carolus Linnaeus (father of systematics)
• Konrad Lorenz (ethology)
• David W. Macdonald (wild mammals)
• John Maynard Smith (evolutionary biology, genetics)
• Ernst Mayr (evolutionary biology)
• Montgomery Montgomery (Herpetology)
• Fritz Müller (evolutionary biology, Müllerian mimicry, Brazil)
• Desmond Morris (ethology)
• Ron Nowak (wild mammals)
• Richard Owen (vertebrate palaeontology, dinosaurs, Natural History Museum)
• Roger Tory Peterson (ornithology)
• Eric Pianka (herpetologist)
• William Emerson Ritter (marine biology)
• Thomas Say (entomology)
• Shen Kuo (medieval Chinese zoologist)
• Su Song (medieval Chinese zoologist)
• Jakob van Uexküll (animal behavior, invertebrate zoology)
• Ernest P. Walker (wild mammals)
• Alfred Russel Wallace (natural selection, zoogeography, animal colouration, Amazon, East Indies)
• John Werler (Herpetology)
• E.O. Wilson (entomology, especially ants, founder of sociobiology)
• Robert Broom
• Austin Stevens (herpetology, especially snakes and other serpents.

See also

• Zoological distribution
• Zootomy - the study of animal anatomy or animal dissection
• Cryptozoology - the pseudoscientific study of hidden or unknown animals
• Paleontology - the study life in the past
• Oceanography - the study of the oceans
• Entomology - the area of biology that studies insects
• Botany - the area of biology that studies plants
• Microtomy
• List of zoologists
• Important Publications in Zoology
• Anthrozoology
• Animals in Buddhism
• Islam and animals
• Timeline of zoology

Sources and external links

• A Study Guide to Invertebrate Zoology ~ at Wikibooks
• Online Dictionary of Invertebrate Zoology
• An online dissection pictures of animals
• Dictionary.com's discussion of pronunciation
• Bizarre zoology news

References