Dictionary Definition
walleye
Noun
1 strabismus in which one or both eyes are
directed outward [syn: divergent
strabismus, exotropia]
User Contributed Dictionary
English
Noun
walleyeDerived terms
Synonyms
- walleyed pike (sense 3)
Extensive Definition
The Walleye (Sander vitreus vitreus, formerly
Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the
northern United
States. It is a North
American close relative of the European pikeperch. The
walleye is sometimes also called the yellow walleye to distinguish
it from the extinct blue
walleye.
In some parts of its range, the walleye is also
known as the walleyed pike, yellow pike or pickerel (esp. in
English-speaking Canada), although the fish is related neither to
the pikes nor to the pickerels, both of
which are members of the family Esocidae.
Genetically, walleyes show a fair amount of
variation across watersheds. In general, fish within a watershed
are quite similar and are genetically distinct from those of nearby
watersheds. The species has been artificially
propagated for over a century and has been planted on top of
existing populations or introduced into waters naturally devoid of
the species, sometimes reducing the overall genetic distinctiveness
of populations.
Meaning of the name
The common name, "walleye," comes from the fact that their eyes, like those of cats, reflect light. This eyeshine is the result of a light-gathering layer in the eyes called the tapetum lucidum which allows the fish to see well in low-light conditions. In fact, many anglers look for walleyes at night since this is when most major feeding patterns occur. Their eyes also allow them to see well in turbid waters (stained or rough, breaking waters) which gives them an advantage over their prey. Thus, walleye anglers will commonly look for days and locations where there is a good "walleye chop" (i.e., rough water). This excellent vision also allows the fish to populate the deeper regions in a lake and can often be found in deeper water. Walleye also means that since they live and spawn in mostly in shallow waters, they can see onto or near the shore for disturbances in the water such as humans.Physical description
Walleyes grow to about 75 cm (30 in) in length, and weigh up to about 7 kg (15 lb). The maximum recorded size for the fish is 107 cm (42 in) in length and 11.3 kg (25 lb) in weight. The growth rate depends partly on where in their range they occur, with southern populations often growing faster and larger. In general, females grow larger than males. Walleyes may live for decades; the maximum recorded age is 29 years. In heavily fished populations, however, few walleye older than 5 or 6 years of age are encountered.Walleyes are largely olive and gold in colour
(hence the French common name: doré -- golden). The dorsal side of
a walleye is olive, grading into a golden hue on the flanks. The
olive/gold pattern is broken up by five darker saddles that extend
to the upper sides. The colour shades to white on the belly. The
mouth of a walleye is large and is armed with many sharp teeth. The
first dorsal and anal fins are spinous as is the operculum.
Walleyes are distinguished from their close cousin the sauger by the white colouration
on the lower lobe of the caudal fin which is absent on the sauger.
In addition, the two dorsals and the caudal fin of the sauger are
marked with distinctive rows of black dots which are absent from or
indistinct on the same fins of walleyes.
Reproduction
In most of the species' range, the majority of male walleyes mature at age 3 or 4. Females normally mature about a year later. Adults migrate to tributary streams in late winter or early spring to lay eggs over gravel and rock, although there are open water reef or shoal spawning strains as well. Some populations are known to spawn on sand or on vegetation. Spawning occurs at water temperatures of 6 to 10° C (43 to 50° F). A large female can lay up to 500,000 eggs and no care is given by the parents to the eggs or fry. The eggs are slightly adhesive and fall into spaces between rocks. The incubation period for the embryos is temperature-dependent but generally lasts from 12 to 30 days. After hatching, the free-swimming embryo spends about a week absorbing the relatively small amount of yolk. Once the yolk has been fully absorbed, the young walleye begins to feed on invertebrates such as fly larvæ and zooplankton. After 40 to 60 days, juvenile walleyes become piscivorous. Thenceforth, both juvenile and adult walleyes eat fish almost exclusively, frequently yellow perch or ciscoes, moving onto bars and shoals at night to feed. Walleye also feed heavily on crayfish, minnows, leeches, and earthworms.As food
The walleye is often considered to have the best
tasting flesh of any freshwater
fish, and, consequently, is fished recreationally
and commercially.
Because of its nocturnal feeding habits, it is most easily caught
at night using live minnows or lures that mimic small fish. Most
commercial fisheries for walleye are situated in the Canadian
waters of the Great Lakes,
but there are other locations as well.
Fishing
Since walleyes have excellent visual acuity under
low illumination levels, they tend to feed more extensively at dawn
and dusk, on cloudy or overcast days and under choppy conditions
when light penetration into the water column is disrupted. Although
anglers interpret this as light avoidance, it is merely an
expression of the walleye's competitive advantage over its prey
under those conditions. Similarly, in darkly stained or turbid waters,
walleye tend to feed throughout the day.
"Walleye chop" is a term used by walleye anglers for rough water
typically with winds of 5 to 15 mph (7 to 24 km/h), and is one of
the indicators for good walleye fishing due to the walleye's
increased feeding activity during such conditions.
Because walleyes are popular with anglers,
fishing for walleyes is
regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management
may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that
populations are not over-exploited.
Seasons
In springtime walleye will take almost any
bait
or lure, but
may be more challenging to catch through the summer months. Fall
often brings another peak of walleye feeding activity. Walleye are
readily caught through the ice in winter, usually on jigs, jigging
spoons or minnows.
Bait
Casting or trolling with spinners or
minnow-imitating plugs is a good bet. Special worm harness rigs of
spinners and beads are often trolled. Jigs, either traditional
bucktails, or tipped with any of the modern plastics, a piece of
worm or minnow are walleye angling favorites.
Live baits are often still-fished, drifted or
trolled on slip-sinker or "bottom-bouncing" rigs. Excellent live
bait choices are nightcrawlers, minnows, or leeches, all of which can be
deadly on a jig.
When ice fishing walleye are caught jigging or on
tip-ups. Tip-ups are generally set up with a dacron backing and a
clear synthetic leader. For bait, the most common minnows are
Fatheads and shiners. Size for bait is anywhere from 1 to 7
inches.
Minnesota
The walleye is the state fish of Minnesota. Its
popularity with Minnesota residents means that the residents of
that state consume more of the fish than in any other
jurisdiction.
In 2004, it was revealed that some restaurants in the Minneapolis-St.
Paul region had been substituting the less expensive, imported
zander for the walleye
indicated on the menu.
Zander (pikeperch) is a closely-related species and is almost
impossible to tell apart by taste, so the television
station that did the exposé
had to send samples of food for DNA testing.
Though sold as "walleye," several samples were found to be zander,
which is considered an illegal practice by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
References
- Boyd Huppert (December 7, 2004). Walleye or Zander? What Are You Really Eating?. KARE.
- FishBase information on Walleye
External links
walleye in French: Doré jaune
Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words
amaurosis, blepharitis, bug-eyes,
cast, cataract, choroiditis, cockeyes, conjunctivitis,
convergent strabismus, cross-eye, cross-eyedness, cross-eyes,
defective vision, detached retina, esotropia, exotropia, eye defect,
glaucoma, goggle eyes,
gutta serena, heterotropia, iritis, keratitis, optic neuritis,
pink eye, popeyes,
retinoblastoma,
saucer eyes, squinch,
squint, squint eyes,
strabismus, sty, swivel eyes, trachoma, upward strabismus,
uveitis, walleyes