trolleybus n : a passenger bus with an electric motor that draws power from overhead wires [syn: trolley coach, trackless trolley]

English

• alternative spelling of trolley bus

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Noun

trolleybus

1. trolleybus, trolley bus.

References

• trolleybus marşrutı açıldı

A trolleybus (also known as trolley bus, trolley coach, trackless trolley, trackless tram or simply trolley) is an electric bus powered by two overhead wires, from which it draws electricity using two trolley poles. Two poles are required in order to accommodate the return current, which cannot pass to the ground as in the case of an electric tram (also called a streetcar) since trolleybuses use rubber tires (which act as electrical insulators), rather than electrically conductive steel wheels on rail. There are trolleybuses in many cities around the world.

Background

The history of the trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens ran his "Elektromote" in a Berlin suburb. This experimental demonstration continued until 13 June 1882, after which there was little progress in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the USA. The next development was when Lombard Gérin operated an experimental line at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 after four years of trials. Max Schiemann made the biggest step when on 10 July 1901 the world's first passenger-carrying trolleybus operated at Bielathal (near Dresden) in Germany. Schiemann built and operated the Bielathal system, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although the Bielathal system only operated until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days, however, there were a few different methods of current collection. The Cedes-Stoll system, designed by Carl Stoll, operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and in Vienna. The Lloyd-Köhler or Bremen system was tried out in Bremen, and the Filovia was demonstrated near Milan.

Leeds and Bradford became the first cities to operate passenger-carrying trolleybuses in the UK on 20 June 1911. Bradford was also the last to operate trolleybuses in the UK, the system closing on 26 March 1972. The last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the Bradford Trolleybus Association. Birmingham was the first to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while Wolverhampton under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers was responsible for turning the "trackless tram" into the trolleybus. There were 50 trolleybus operations in the UK in total, London's being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the short-lived Stockport operation used the Lloyd-Kölher system and Keighley used the Cedes-Stoll system.

In the United States, some cities, led by the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT—New York), subscribed to the all-four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, trams (in U.S. called streetcars or trolleys) and rapid transit subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from lightly-used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. Although the BMT in Brooklyn built only one trolleybus line, other cities, notably San Francisco, California and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, built larger systems and still maintain "all-four". If one includes cable cars as another mode, San Francisco could be called "all-five," as its cable cars provide general transportation while also serving as a popular tourist attraction and the only moving National Historic Landmark in the United States.

A number of trolleybus lines in the United States came into existence when a tracked trolley/tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds, United Kingdom, has now been changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs.

Design

Advantages

Trolleybuses are advantageous on hilly routes, as electric power is more effective than diesel for climbing steep hills. Unlike combustion engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for several minutes without damage. San Francisco and Seattle, USA, both hilly, use trolleybuses partly for this reason, another being improved air quality. Given this acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses easily outperform diesel buses on flat stretches as well.

Trolleybuses' rubber tires have better adhesion than streetcars' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill climbing and braking. Unlike rail vehicles (where side tracks are not available), an out-of-service vehicle can be removed to the side of the road and its trolleys disconnected, allowing vehicles to pass. Additionally, because they are not tracked, trolleybuses can pull over to the curb as a diesel bus does, eliminating boarding islands in the street.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has operated trolleybuses (known regionally as trackless trolleys) in the past, and the city's SEPTA system has ordered a new fleet to restore trackless trolley service in 2008 to three of its five previous routes.

Like other electric vehicles, trolleybuses are more environmentally friendly than fossil-fuel or hydrocarbon-based vehicles (gasoline, diesel, alcohol, etc.). However the power is not free, having to be produced at centralised power plants, with attendant transmission losses.

On the other hand, centrally-produced power is more efficient, not bound to a specific fuel source and more amenable to pollution control as a single-source supply than are individual vehicles with their own engines that exhaust noxious gases and particulates at street level. Moreover, some cities, like Calgary, Alberta, run their commuter light rail networks using wind energy, which is effectively emission-free once the turbines are built and installed. A further advantage of trolleybuses is that they can generate electric power from kinetic energy whilst braking, a process known as regenerative braking.

Also, unlike buses or trams, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a diesel engine or wheels on rails. Such noise as there is tends to emanate from auxiliary systems such as power steering pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter, and in the UK at least were often referred to as the "Silent Service". The quietness did have its disadvantages though, with quite a number of pedestrians falling victim to what was also known as "the Silent Death".

Trolleybuses are specially favoured in locations where electricity is abundant and cheap. Examples of this are the extensive trolleybus systems in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Seattle, Washington, USA, both of which draw hydroelectric power from the Columbia River and other Pacific river systems. Seattle benefits doubly, with steep gradients near the Downtown waterfront and on Queen Anne, First, and Capitol Hills.

Trolleybuses are used extensively in large European cities such as Athens, Belgrade, Bratislava, Bucharest, Budapest, Coimbra, Lyon, Milan, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sofia, Sarajevo, Kiev, Napoli and Minsk as well as smaller ones such as Arnhem, Ghent, Plovdiv, Lausanne, Luzern, Zürich, Salzburg, Limoges, Nancy, Geneva, Presov, Cluj-Napoca, Iaşi, Bergen, Szeged, Gomel, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Mogilev, Brest (Belarus), Grodno, Bobruysk, Riga, Cagliari, Tallinn, Solingen, Vilnius, Simferopol, Yalta, Lublin, Košice and Gdynia.

Cities, especially those built on hills, have chosen trolleybuses over diesel buses because the electric motor can produce much more torque than a diesel engine. Moreover, the electric motor can be temporarily "overpowered", that is, more than the normal power can be obtained for a short period of time, e.g. when climbing a steep hill. Also, realising the advantages of these zero-emission vehicles, some other European cities have started to expand their systems again. Other cities such as Lecce will introduce new trolleybus systems.

In Cambridge, Massachusetts, the trolleybus system has survived because of the situation at Harvard Station, which holds an underground tunnel that was once used for streetcars. Despite a willingness to use buses, the tunnel at the time required left-side doors, and had fume concerns. Now, buses do run in the tunnel. However, the trolleybuses remain due to popular support.

Some have suggested that the trolleybus will become obsolete in a future hydrogen economy. However, direct electric transmission, as used in trolleybuses, is far more efficient (by a factor of two or more) than conversion of energy into hydrogen, transportation and storage of the hydrogen and its conversion back into electricity by fuel cells.

China is experimenting with a new form of electric bus that runs without powerlines. This bus runs on power stored in large onboard supercapacitors, which are quickly recharged at bus stops. Prototypes were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005.

Disadvantages

Re-routings, temporary or permanent, are not usually readily available outside of "downtown" areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. Dewirements sometimes occur, leaving the bus stranded without power, although these events are relatively rare on systems with well-maintained overhead wire, hangers, fittings and "contact shoes." With the introduction of hybrid designs the trolleybus is no longer tied to its overhead trolley wires. Increasingly systems, such as Muni in San Francisco, TransLink in Vancouver, as well as Beijing's trolleybus operator, have circumvented this problem by installing battery packs on their trolleybuses to allow them to drive short to considerably long distances away from the wires. Also Supercapacitors may be used to drive small distances without connections to the grid. Boston is using dual-mode buses on its new Silver Line that run on overhead electricity on a fixed right of way and then transition to city streets using diesel power. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where five trolleybus lines (trackless trolley locally preferred) have been suspended for partial reconstruction, new trolleybuses on order will have the capacity to operate short distances off the overhead wires through the use of a small diesel engine. In Athens, Greece, which has an extensive trolleybus system, in 2003-04 all trolleybuses were replaced with new vehicles that are equipped with a diesel engine that enables them to run off-line for a considerable distance.

Limitations in the creation of power lines also limits the use of trolleybuses and further restrictions may also apply where taller vehicles may need to share the route, preventing the installation of overhead lines. Nevertheless, installation is faster and less expensive than a tramway system.

Trolleybuses can pass one another in regular service, if two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided, or if the buses are battery-equipped.

Trolleybuses generally are implemented only when they confer one of the advantages listed above, due to the high cost of their infrastructure compared to the diesel bus. With increasing diesel fuel costs and particlulate matter and NOx emissions problems in many cities, trolleybuses yet may be seen as the best suited relief for many cities, either as the primary transit mode or as a supplement to rapid transit and commuter rail networks.

While at one time many cities operated this mode of transport, it is relatively uncommon today in North America, though it is still a common form of transport in many European, Russian, Brazilian and Chinese cities, generally occupying the niche between street railways (trams) and diesel-powered buses.

Some trolleybus systems have been criticized for aesthetic reasons, with city residents complaining that the jumble of overhead wires was unsightly.

Pardubice –ropes

Trolleybus wire switch

Trolleybus wire switches (referred to as "frogs" in some countries) are a standard piece of equipment in places where a trolleybus line forks or branches into two. A switch may be either in a "straight through" or "turnout" position; it normally remains in the "straight through" position unless it has been triggered, and reverts to it after a few seconds. Triggering is often caused by a pair of contacts or electromagnets, with one attached to each trolleybus wire, located close to but before the switch itself.

Multiple branches may be handled by installing more than one switch. For example, to provide straight-through, left-turn or right-turn branches at an intersection, one switch is installed some distance from the intersection to choose a line over the left-turn lane, and another switch is mounted close to the intersection to choose between straight through and a right turn. [This would be the arrangement in countries such as the US, where traffic directionality is right-handed; in left-handed traffic countries such as Britain and New Zealand, the switch some distance from the intersection would be used to access the right-turn lanes, and the switch close to the intersection would be for the left-turn fork instead.]

Three common types of switch exist: Power-on/Power-off (the picture of a switch above is of this type), Selectric, and Fahslabend.

A Power-on/Power-off switch is triggered if the trolleybus is drawing power from the overhead wires, usually by accelerating, when the poles pass over the contacts. (The contacts are lined up on the wires in this case.)

A Selectric switch has a similar design, but the contacts on the wires are not lined up but skewed, often at a 45-degree angle. This skew means that a bus going straight through will not trigger the switch, but a bus attempting a sharp turn (usually a right turn in countries with right-handed traffic) will cause its poles to meet the wires in a matching skew with one pole ahead of the other, which will trigger the switch.

For a Fahslabend switch, the bus's turn indicator (or a separate driver-controlled switch) causes a coded radio signal to be sent from a transmitter mounted on the bus (often attached to one of the trolley poles). The corresponding receiver is attached to the switch directly, and will cause it to trigger if the correct code is received. This has the advantage that the driver does not need to be accelerating the bus (as with a Power-on/Power-off switch) or trying to make a sharp turn (as with a Selectric switch). As a result, some cities operating trolleybuses have replaced other trolleybus switch types with this type of switch.

Trolleybus makers

Current

• Belkommunmash
• Bogdan Corporation
• Carrosserie Hess
• Designline - for the new trolleybuses to replace Wellington, New Zealand's fleet
• Electrotrans-Service
• Eletra Industrial Ltda - Brazil
• Irisbus
• Jelcz
• Lviv Bus Factory
• Mercedes-Benz
• Minsk Automobile Plant
• Neoplan
• New Flyer Industries
• Rocar
• Škoda Works
• Solaris Bus & Coach, equipped by Ganz (not existing anymore), and by existing DP Ostrava
• Sunwin
• TransAlfa
• Trolza, major producer in Russia
• Van Hool
• Volvo
• Volgograd transport & mashinery plant
• YuMZ - Yuzhnii Mashinostroitelnii Zavod, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine

Defunct or no longer making trolleybuses

• AM General
• Associated Equipment Company
• British United Traction
• Chavdar, Bulgaria
• Crossley Motors
• Daimler Motor Company
• Dennis Specialist Vehicles
• Guy Motors
• Henschel
• Hispano-Suiza
• Ikarus, Hungary
• Leyland Motors
• Pegaso
• Pullman Standard
• Marmon-Herrington
• Richard Garrett & Sons
• J.G. Brill
• St. Louis Car Company
• ETI Skoda
• Antonov Aircraft Factory, Kiev, Ukraine
• Alfa Romeo/Ansaldo Trasporti
• Lancia
• Saurer
• FBW
• NAW
• Sunbeam
• Vetra

Trolleybuses in Russia

The first trolley vehicle in Russia was built in Saint Petersburg in 1902 at Frese machinebuilding factory. It utilised a carriage-type current receiver like the early von Siemens prototypes. There was no attempt to organize passenger or cargo services at this time.

The first operational trolleybus service was introduced in 1933 in Moscow. In Soviet cities with underground metropolitan railways, trolleybus systems were intended to replace tramcars. In reality such plans were partially performed in the 1950s rather than in the 1930s. The first Soviet-made passenger trolleybus LK-1 was named after Politburo member Lazar Kaganovich. It was a dangerous and unreliable vehicle, quickly replaced by more advanced YaTB vehicles. These cars, both passenger and cargo, were the mainstay of the Soviet trolley fleet before the Great Patriotic War (World War II). At this time new trolleybus systems were opened in Leningrad, Kiev (Ukraine) and a few other major Soviet cities.

In Brazil, trolleybuses are currently in use only in Santos and in two systems in São Paulo: SPTrans, at the central and eastern region, and EMTU, at the suburbs and the cities of Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, Mauá and Diadema. In São Paulo, two trolleybuses are preserved and exhibited at the SPTrans (São Paulo Transportation Authority) Museum Gaetano Ferrola. Another five trolleybuses built by CMTC and Villares between 1958 and 1965 are awaiting restoration in the SPTrans garage at Santa Rita. An original trolleybus built in the United States by ACF Brill in 1948 was restored in 1999 and currently can be seen riding in special celebrations, as occurred in the city's 454-year anniversary celebration on 25 January 2008.

Bulgaria

Trolleybus networks operate in the towns of Sofia, Plovdiv, Varna, Pernik, Veliko Tarnovo and many more. Daily Millions of people use this ecological transportation.

Canada

Trolleybuses are currently used in Edmonton and Vancouver. Edmonton's city government proposed retiring its aging fleet but public opinion was against it. Vancouver's aging trolley fleet was recently replaced with newer models, one of which has been loaned to the Edmonton Transit System. Trolleybuses in Hamilton where they were referred to as "trolley coach", were used from 1947 until 1993, when they were replaced by buses.

Chile

Valparaíso, one of the largest cities of Chile and with a historic quarter declared a world heritage site by UNESCO, has the only trolley-bus service still working in that country, managed by a private company, Trolebuses de Chile S.A. (formerly Empresa de Transportes Colectivos Eléctricos). The available routes have the 8- prefix on Valparaíso's new metropolitan mass transit system (By now, just route 801 and 802). The fleet is a mix of old German, American, Swiss, and Chinese machines, making an attractive appeal for tourism. The most famous machines are the oldest Pullman Standard machines still in service in the world. (They were declared national monuments and still can be found working in the streets). The company has faced fierce competition from other non-electric bus lines, and almost faced bankruptcy several times in the past; however, many Valparaíso inhabitants feel an emotional link to the service, and tend to vigorously defend the maintenance of this privately funded company.

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has 13 currently operating trolleybus systems (Pilsen, Zlín and Otrokovice, Brno, Ostrava, Pardubice, Hradec Králové, Ústí nad Labem, Teplice, České Budějovice, Opava, Jihlava, Chomutov and Jirkov and Mariánské Lázně). The last one mentioned was a smallest trolleybus network in the world, until the opening of Landskrona trolleybus network in Sweden. Cities that operated trolleybuses in past are Děčín, Prague and Most. There also was a trolleybus testing track, running between the towns of Ostrov and Jáchymov, taking advantage of steep gradients between these towns. It was never used for regular passenger transport, but only for testing trolleybuses made at Škoda factory in Ostrov. The line was dismantled in 2004, following the cessation of production in this factory.

Estonia

Trolleybuses are currently in use in Tallinn. There are 8 lines. Old Skoda 14TR and 15TR are changed against Solaris Ganz T12 and T18.

France

Trolleybuses are still widely in use in Limoges, Lyon, Nancy and Saint-Étienne.

Preserved examples are kept at the Musée des Transports (AMTUIR) in Colombes.

Germany

Trolleybus networks operate in the towns of Eberswalde (near Berlin), Esslingen (near Stüttgart) and Solingen (near Düsseldorf). There had been over 60 trolleybus companies in the late 1950s, many having replaced under-used tram services. Like in the United Kingdom, the proliferation of Diesel buses led to a decline in the use of the mode.

Greece

Trolleybuses are in use in Athens. The entire fleet was replaced with new Neoplan and Van Hool trolleybuses from 2001 onward. The network is operated by ILPAP.

Hungary

In Hungary trolleybuses are used in Budapest, in Szeged and in Debrecen. In Budapest the entire fleet is operated by Budapesti Közlekedési Vállalat Zrt..

Italy

Trolleybuses have been reintroduced in Rome, along a line running northeast from Termini station. On the inner-city part of the route power is from batteires rather than overhead wires. They are in use in Milan too.

Lithuania

Trolleybuses now are being used in Vilnius since 1955 (?) and Kaunas since 1965. There are 19 lines in Vilnius and 17 lines in Kaunas now.

The Netherlands

Trolleybuses are in use in Arnhem.

New Zealand

In Foxton, preserved trolleybuses operate for the public on their own system; and in Wellington, Volvo B58 trolleybuses continue to operate as part of the city's public transport network.

North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of)

Pyongyang boasts another trolleybus system in Asia; data is not available due to the closed nature of North Korea. Limited information reveal the buses are made up of imported and locally made vehicles. Imported buses are from Europe (and Eastern Europe) and copied versions from China. There are a few local manufacturers of trolleybuses.

Norway

In Bergen, Norway, trolleybuses have been in use since 1950. see Bergen trolleybus

Poland

see Transportation in Poland

Portugal

Coimbra is the only city in Portugal that have this kind of transportation. They are opereted by SMTUC a municipal service. Exist so far about 20 units from Salvador Caetano/EFACEC.

Romania

Trolleybuses run in Bucharest, Cluj, Timișoara, Sibiu, Ploiești, Constanța, Mediaș and Brașov. One "DAC 117 E" (1987) is preserved by the TRANSIRA Association.

Russian Federation

Russian transport museums have a variety of historic trolleybuses made by local manufacturers. In Moscow vintage vehicles are only available to the public in transport-dedicated exhibitions and parades of old vehicles on various celebration days. In Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod museum cars also may be hired for city excursions and parties.

Serbia

Four trolleybus lines exist in Belgrade. Three of them are basically a variation of the original line established shortly after World War II with Russian-made vehicles, with the same terminus in the heart of old downtown next to the Kalemegdan fortress and the extension of outlying terminuses in three directions like a fork. The fourth is a completely independent line built perpendicular to these three. It was constructed in the early 1980s.

Slovakia

The first trolleybus system on the territory of today's Slovakia was built in 1909 in Bratislava, but served only until 1915. The route led to a hilly recreational area Zelezna studnicka and were fed by a special 4-wheel bogie, running on a pair of wires and connected to the vehicle by a cord. Trolleybuses in Bratislava were reintroduced in 1943, now with a modern, two-pole feeding. In 1962, trolleybus system was introduced in Presov. At the end of 1980s and the beginning of 1990s, three more towns introduced trolleybuses - Banská Bystrica, Žilina and Košice. All vehicles operating in Slovakia were made by Škoda.

Sweden

In Landskrona, a single trolleybus route connects the railway station and the wharf area. The system was installed in 2003 and consists of three trolleybuses. Landskrona is the smallest trolleybus network in the world.

Switzerland

Trolleybuses are in use in Swiss cities: Lausanne (10 lines), Lucerne (7 lines), Geneva (6 lines), Zurich (6 lines), Berne (5 lines), Neuchâtel (4 lines), Winterthur (4 lines), Fribourg (3 lines), La Chaux-de-Fonds (3 lines), St. Gallen (3 lines), Biel (2 lines), Schaffhausen (1 line), Vevey-Montreux (1 line), Basel (1 line to be cancelled).

In Lausanne, the Association Retrobus preserves old trolleybuses (from 1932) and enables them to circulate in town, especially on summer weekends.

United Kingdom

The world's largest collection of preserved trolleybuses is at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft in England. Examples are also preserved at the East Anglia Transport Museum and the Black Country Living Museum in England. The Bradford Trolleybus Association is currently restoring a Bradford Trolleybus 758, the last rear entrance trolleybus in Britain, which is kept at Sandtoft.

United States of America

• Boston, Massachusetts, as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Silver Line.
• Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as Part of SEPTA
• San Francisco, California, with extensive routes throughout the San Francisco Muni system
• Seattle, Washington
• Dayton, Ohio
• The Illinois Railway Museum maintains a historical collection of 16 trolleybuses from Chicago, Dayton, Cleveland, Des Moines, Vancouver, Toronto and Milwaukee. Several of the preserved coaches provide regularly scheduled operations for visitors over the museum's 4/10 mile demonstration line.
• There are a number of historic trolleybuses on display at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine.

Gallery

Salvador Caetano/EFACEC´s trolleys in Guarda Inglesa depot - Coimbra, Portugal. Debrecen, Hungary. CJWG110K trolleybus No.156 on the raining streets of Hangzhou, China. São Paulo, Brazil downtown.

See also

portal energy

• Electric bus
• Gyrobus
• List of trolleybus systems
• Low-floor trolleybuses
• Tourist trolley
• Trolleytruck

Books

• Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1973. "Transit’s Stepchild, the Trolley Coach" (Interurbans Special 58 - ASIN B0006C9ZOE). Los Angeles: Interurbans.
• Sebree, Mac, and Paul Ward. 1974. "The Trolley Coach in North America" (Interurbans Special 59 - ASIN B0006CEBZC) Los Angeles: Interurbans.
• Mick Leak. 2006. "The Story Of Britain's Last Rear Entrance Trolleybus In Public Service - Bradford 758. Published By The Bradford Trolleybus Association. Bradford. United Kingdom.

Periodicals

• "Trolleybus Magazine" (ISSN 0266-7452). National Trolleybus Association (UK). Bimonthly.
• "Trackless", the quarterly magazine published by the Bradford Trolleybus Association for its members.
• "Trolleybus", the monthly magazine of the British Trolleybus Society (UK).

Notes

Sources

• North American Trolley Bus Pictures
• All Time List of North American Trolleybus Systems, accessed January 30, 2004
• British trolleybuses
• Trolleybuses at the BCLM

External links

• Bradford Trolleybus Association
• Trolleymotion - An International action group to promote modern trolleybus systems (+ Database of Systems in the world).
• History of Valparaíso's Trolley-bus service
• Bibliography of the Electric Trolleybus (Richard DeArmond)
• The Electric Trolleybus Web Site
• British trolleybuses
• Trolleybuses in Europe
• Transit World - Features photos of Trolleybuses in Vancouver & Edmonton (Canada), Wellington (New Zealand), Geneva (Switzerland), Rome (Italy) and Seattle (USA)
• MOTATMOTAT Trolley Bus collection. Auckland (New Zealand).
• Trolleybus cities of Russia
• Tom's North American Trolleybus Pictures
• Via Trolebus: Brazilian Trolleybus Informations and News
• The Trolleybus of Santos (Brazil)
• Trolleybus & trams from Belgium & other countries
• http://groups.yahoo.com/group/trolleycoach
• TRANSIRA Association (Romania)
• Estonian Trolley History
• Estonian Trolley and Tram Depot-Trolley parameters