Deinotherium ("terrible beast"), also called the Hoe tusker was a gigantic prehistoric relative of modern-day elephants that appeared in the Middle Miocene and continued until the Early Pleistocene. During that time it changed very little. In life it probably resembled modern elephants, except that its trunk was shorter, and it had downward curving tusks attached to the lower jaw.

Deinotherium is the third largest land mammal known to have existed; only Indricotherium and Mammuthus sungari were larger. Males were generally between 3.5 and 4.5 meters (12 and 15 feet) tall at the shoulders although large specimens may have been up to 5m (16ft). Their weight is estimated to have been between 5 and 10 tonnes (5.5 and 11 US Standard tons), with the largest males weighing in excess of 14 tonnes (15.4 US Standard tons). Deinotherium's range covered parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Adrienne Mayor, in The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology In Greek and Roman Times, has suggested that Deinothere fossils found in Greece helped generate myths of archaic giant beings. A tooth of a deinothere found on the island of Crete, in shallow marine sediments of the Miocene (see link) raises questions: was Crete connected to the mainland during that time, or did Deinotheres share the often underrated swimming abilities of modern elephants?

Evolutionary Relationships

Deinotherium is the type genus of the family Deinotheriidae, evolving from the smaller, early Miocene Prodeinotherium. These proboscideans represent a totally distinct line of evolutionary descent to that of other elephants, one that probably diverged very early in the history of the group as a whole. The large group to which elephants belong formerly contained several other related groups: besides the deinotheres there were the gomphotheres (some of which had shovel-like lower front teeth), and the mastodonts. Only elephants survive today.

Paleoecology

The way Deinotherium used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks. Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern human beings have also been found.

Characteristics

The following description, from Sanders 2003, is for D. giganteus but in general applies to the other two species as well

Permanent tooth formula 0-0-2-3/1-0-2-3 (deciduous 0-0-3/1-0-3), with vertical cheek tooth replacement. Two sets of bilophodont and trilophodont teeth. Molars and rear premolars tapiroid, vertical shearing teeth, and show that deinotheres became an independent evolutionary branch very early on; other premolars used for crushing. The cranium is short, low, and flattened on the top (in contrast to more advanced elephants, which have a higher and more domed forehead; the implication may be that deinotheres were less intelligent than other elephants), with very large, elevated occipital condyles. The nasal opening is retracted and large, indicating a large trunk. The rostrum is long and the rostral fossa broad. Mandibular symphyses (the lower jaw-bone) is very long and curved downward, which, with the backward curved tusks, is a distinguishing feature of the group; it possessed no upper tusks.

Deinotherium is distinguished from its predecessor Prodeinotherium by its much greater size, greater crown dimensions, and reduced development of posterior cingula ornamentation in the second and third molar.

Deinotherium and cryptozoology

The cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans suggested in his book "On the Track of Unknown Animals" that Deinotherium still survives in Central Africa and was a source of the strange killings of hippos reported from Africa in the early 20th century.

Uses of the tusks

The probable answer to the tusk usage, could possibly be for stripping bark of trees. There may be many more answers to this, but until scientists discover the definite reason for having these odd tusks, it remains a mystery.

Species

Three species are recognised, all of great size.

Deinotherium giganteus Kaup 1829

Deinotherium giganteus is the type species, and is described above. It is primarily a late Miocene species, most common in Europe, and is the only species known from the circum-Mediterranean. Its last reported occurrence is from the middle Pliocene of Romania (2 to 4 million BP). The "Grigore Antipa" museum of natural history in Bucharest, Romania, has the only complete skeleton of Deinotherium giganteus in the world. It was unearthed in 1894, in Vaslui county, by the Romanian paleontologist Gregoriu Stefanescu

An entire skull, found in the Lower Pliocene beds of Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt in 1836, measured 4 ft (1.2 meters) in length and 3 ft (.9 meters) in breadth, indicating an animal exceeding modern elephants in size.

Deinotherium indicum Falconer 1945

Deinotherium indicum is the Asian species, known from India and Pakistan. It is distinguished by a more robust dentition and p4-m3 intravalley tubercles. D. indicum appears in the middle Miocene, and is most common in the late Miocene. It disappears from the fossil record about 7 million years BP (late Miocene).

Deinotherium bozasi Arambourg 1934

Deinotherium bozasi is the African species. It is characterised by a narrower rostral trough and smaller but higher nasal aperture, and a higher and narrower cranium, and shorter mandibular symphysis, than the other two species. D. bozasi appears at the beginning of the late Miocene, and continues there after the other two species have died out elsewhere. The youngest fossils are from the Kanjera Formation, Kenya, about a million years old (early Pleistocene)

References

• Carroll, R.L. (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, WH Freeman & Co.
• Colbert, E. H. (1969), Evolution of the Vertebrates, John Wiley & Sons Inc (2nd ed.)
• Harris, J.M. (1976) Evolution of feeding mechanisms in the family Deinotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 56: 331-362
• Bernard Heuvelmans (1958), On the Track of Unknown Animals.
• Sanders, W.J., 2003, chap 10, Proboscidea, in Mikael Fortelius (ed) Geology and paleontology of the Miocene Sinap Formation, Turkey, Columbia University Press, New York
• Athanassios Athanassiou, On a Deinotherium (Proboscidea) finding in the Neogene of Crete: abstract
• "Dinotherium", 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

External links

• FactFile: Deinotherium
• Deinotherium

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